Choosing natural refrigerants | Tetrafluoropropene

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Choosing natural refrigerants: part 5

R1234ze Tetrafluoropropene

Natural refrigerants are a hot topic. With more and more onshore utility-based installations switching to natural gas, what’s the situation in the maritime industry? Selecting the right refrigerant is no easy task as each type has its own pros and cons. In this series of blogs we explore the most common natural refrigerants to help you decide which best suits your specific application.

In all the previous blogs we discussed pure natural refrigerants, but there are also synthetics that meet the latest environmental requirements. R-1234ze is specially designed as a replacement of R-134a but with a global warming potential around seven. This synthetic refrigerant of the fourth generation is a HFO (Hydro Fluor Olefine) and is mainly used in chillers but can also in heat pumps.

To give you a comprehensive overview we are comparing every refrigerant on the following fixed set of properties:

Thermodynamic properties

Safety

Sustainability

Temperatures

Flammability

GWP

Pressures

Toxicity

Ozone depletion

Latent heat capacity

Pressure

Energy efficiency

 

Corrosive

 

All starting points are the same for every refrigerant, including the temperatures below:

Evaporation temperature:       -10°C
Condensation temperature:    25°C
Overheating:                           20K
Subcooling:                             5K

figure 1 h-logp diagram r1234ze.png

Thermodynamic properties

While evaporation/ condensation pressure and temperatures are not out of the ordinary, the latent heat capacity of R1234ze is lower than its natural counterparts.

  • Evaporation and condensation temperature
    R1234ze has a high temperature range and with a critical point above 109°C can easily be used with seawater condensers. The triple point lies at -104°C, making it suitable for both chilled water purposes.
  • Evaporation and condensation pressure
    The pressure range is pretty low. At an evaporating temperature of -10°C the absolute pressure is around 1,5 bar; at a condensation temperature of 25°C the absolute pressure is around 5 bar.
  • Latent heat capacity
    Latent heat values are below average. The enthalpy at the -10°C line will be around 190 kJ/kg.

Safety

R1234ze is classified as a mildly flammable refrigerant. It is labelled as A2L.

 

Safety group

Lower toxicity

Higher toxicity

High flammability

A3

B3

Flammable

A2

B2

Lower flammability

A2L

B2L

No flame propagation

A1

B1

 

  • Flammability
    Classified as mildly flammable R1234ze can ignite under certain conditions. However, when stored at temperatures under 30°C it does not produce any flammable mixtures with air.
  • Toxicity
    R1234ze is not toxic, however it does displace oxygen in a confined space. Measures such as proper ventilation must be applied to avoid asphyxiation.
  • Pressure
    R1234ze has no pressure issues.
  • Corrosion
    Inhalation, eye and skin contact needs to be avoided, R1234ze is not corrosive for the installation’s materials.

Sustainability

R1234ze has low GWP and ozone depletion values. Leakages have hardly any effect on the environment.

  • GWP & ozone depletion
    As the global warming potential of R1234ze is 7 it makes almost no contribution to the greenhouse effect. With the ozone depletion capacity equal to 0, emissions have no effect on the ozone layer.
  • Energy efficiency
    The energy efficiency depends on the design at specific temperatures. For an accurate comparison we used the same temperatures value for each refrigerant as specified above. Based on these conditions the EER is 4.1. This can be improved with smart system design.

Conclusion

The synthetic refrigerant R1234ze is designed as a replacement for R134a but has a higher specific volume. Therefore, a compressor with more displacement is needed to achieve the same capacity. This means the chiller itself must be bigger/ more expensive.

Please note that the values and calculation given in this article have been simplified in order to give you a general overview of the pros and cons of this refrigerant. More specific information is needed for a detailed calculation and we strongly recommend contacting one of our engineers if you are considering the use of natural refrigerants.